Images were recorded onto a mini disc and placed into a video reader that was connected to a television monitor or color printer. The early Mavica cannot be considered a true digital camera, however, even though it started the digital camera revolution. It was a video camera that took video freeze-frames. Pong is considered by many to be one of the very first video arcade games, and was released in 1972. It later become the subject of a lawsuit by the makers of an earlier table tennis game, who successfully argued the concept was stolen from them. Sources: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Wikipedia, wired.com, APS physics, Britannica.com.

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If you have $100 Converted from 1950 to 2005 it would be equivalent to $835.41 today In 1950 a new house cost $8,450.00 and by 1959 was $12,400.00 More House Prices In 1950 the average income per year was $3,210.00 and by 1959 was $5,010.00 In 1950 a gallon of gas was 18 cents and by 1959 was 25 cents. The video game industry as a lucrative enterprise, and PONG has been called one of the most historically significant titles in video game history, and the starting point of the arcade 'phenomenon' and the 'digital out-of-home' entertainment industry. Today, the price of a original PONG game goes for over $4000!

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Before the era of electronic ping pong, hungry yellow dots, plumbers, mushrooms, and fire-flowers, people waited in line to play video games at roller-skating rinks, arcades, and other hangouts. More than fifty years ago, before either arcades or home video games, visitors waited in line at Brookhaven National Laboratory to play “Tennis for Two,” an electronic tennis game that is unquestionably a forerunner of the modern video game.

Tennis for Two was first introduced on October 18, 1958, at one of the Lab’s annual visitors’ days. Two people played the electronic tennis game with separate controllers that connected to an analog computer and used an oscilloscope for a screen. The game’s creator, William Higinbotham, was a nuclear physicist lobbied for nuclear nonproliferation as the first chair of the Federation of American Scientists.

Higinbotham realized how static and non-interactive most science exhibits were at that time. As head of Brookhaven Lab’s Instrumentation Division, he would change that. While reflecting on his creation, Higinbotham wrote, “it might liven up the place to have a game that people could play, and which would convey the message that our scientific endeavors have relevance for society.'

Visitors playing Tennis for Two saw a two-dimensional, side view of a tennis court on the oscilloscope screen, which used a cathode-ray tube similar to a black and white television tube. The ball, a brightly lit, moving dot, left trails as it bounced to alternating sides of the net. Players served and volleyed using controllers with buttons and rotating dials to control the angle of an invisible tennis racquet’s swing.

Hundreds of visitors lined up for a chance to play the electronic tennis game. And Higinbotham could not have dreamed that his game would be a forerunner to an entire industry that less than fifty years later, would account for $9.5 billion in sales in 2006 and 2007 in the U.S. alone, according to a report published by the Electronic Software Association.

In 1982, Creative Computing magazine picked up on the idea that Tennis for Two might be the first video game ever and it published a story on the game in that year’s October issue. It credited Higinbotham as the inventor of the video game — until they heard from someone who could document an earlier game. The same story was reprinted in the Spring 1983 issue of Video and Arcade Games, a sister magazine to Creative Computing.

• First Video Game?

  October 21, 2008

  Fifty years ago, before either arcades or home video games, visitors waited in line at Brookhaven National Laboratory to play Tennis for Two, an electronic tennis game that is unquestionably a forerunner of the modern video game. Two people played the electronic tennis game with separate controllers that connected to an analog computer and used an oscilloscope for a screen. The game's creator, William Higinbotham, was a physicist who lobbied for nuclear nonproliferation as the first chair of the Federation of American Scientists.

How Did He Do It?

The “brain” of Tennis for Two was a small analog computer. The computer's instruction book described how to generate various curves on the cathode-ray tube of an oscilloscope, using resistors, capacitors and relays. Among the examples given in the book were the trajectories of a bullet, missile, and bouncing ball, all of which were subject to gravity and wind resistance. While reading the instruction book, the bouncing ball reminded Higinbotham of a tennis game and the idea of Tennis for Two was born.

William Higinbotham

One of the original electrical schematics for Tennis for Two.

Higinbotham used four of the computer’s operational amplifiers to generate the ball’s motion while the computer’s remaining six amplifiers sensed when the ball hit the ground or net and switched controls to the person in whose court the ball was located. In order to generate the court, net, and ball on screen, it was necessary to time-share these functions.

“The real innovation in this game is the use of those ‘new-fangled’ germanium transistors that were just becoming commercially available in the late 1950s,” said Peter Takacs of Brookhaven Lab’s Instrumentation Division, who is currently working to rebuild a playable Tennis for Two. “Higinbotham used the transistors to build a fast-switching circuit that would take the three outputs from the computer and display them alternately on the oscilloscope screen at a ‘blazing’ fast speed of 36 Hertz. At that display rate, the eye sees the ball, the net, and the court as one image, rather than as three separate images.”

In 1958, when Tennis for Two was first introduced, the oscilloscope display was only five inches in diameter. In 1959, the game was improved. A larger screen between 10 and 17 inches in diameter was used and players could select variations of tennis on the moon, with low gravity, or on Jupiter, with high gravity.

Considering Higinbotham’s background, Tennis for Two was a natural outgrowth of his schooling and work experience. During his senior year at Williams College, he used an oscilloscope to produce a system to display the audio modulation of a radio station's high frequency radio output. As a graduate student in Cornell's physics department, he worked as a general-purpose technician, learning the new and rapidly developing field of electronics.

In 1940, Higinbotham joined the staff of the MIT Radiation Laboratory and worked on cathode-ray tube displays for airborne, ship-borne, and land-based radars. This involved designing a way to display radio waves that echoed or bounced back off distant targets. Later, Higinbotham worked on the Eagle radar display system, which showed the radar returns of ground targets as seen from a high-flying B-28 airplane. The picture of the target area stood still on the display, in spite of the yaw, pitch, or roll of the aircraft while maneuvering toward the target. This work led to patents for circuits that used operational amplifiers like those in the analog computer used for the tennis game.

David Potter, who was greatly inspired by Higinbotham and worked with him at the time Tennis for Two was designed and built, commented on Higinbotham’s designs, stating, “Higinbotham’s circuits were rock solid. I found his work to be so beautiful, so simple. For someone involved in electronics, these really were something to behold.”

All in all, when Higinbotham designed Tennis for Two, he incorporated much of what he had done before. As he recalled, it took about two hours to lay out the design and a couple of days to fill it in with components on hand. Brookhaven Lab technician Bob Dvorak put it together in about three weeks, and the two of them took a day or two to debug it. The Lab still has official blueprints dated 1958.

Higinbotham’s Tennis for Two was actually preceded by several other inventions — one in the late 1940s and two in the early 1950s. But it would not be fair or correct to award the title of “the first video game” to any one of these specific inventions.

In 1948, ten years before Higinbotham’s Tennis for Two, Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle R. Mann patented the “Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device,” making this currently the earliest-documented video game predecessor. The amusement device, however, required players to overlay pictures or illustrations of targets such as airplanes in front of the screen, dovetailing the game’s action. This was unlike Higinbotham’s Tennis for Two, which entirely displayed the game’s visuals on the screen.

Another video game-like device, the Nimrod computer, was built by Ferranti International and first displayed at the Festival of Britain’s Exhibition of Science in 1951. Although the computer was built to play the century-old game of logic and strategy called “Nim,” the electronic version of the game was specifically designed to demonstrate the processing power of the new computing device. This was in contrast with Tennis for Two, which was designed to be played for fun. In addition, the Nimrod computer did not use a cathode-ray tube display with elements that appeared to “move” on screen like Tennis for Two. Instead, it used a set of fixed lights that turned on and off and a legend to describe what was happening throughout the demonstration.

Then, in 1952, A.S. Douglas at the University of Cambridge created an electronic version of Tic-Tac-Toe, which he titled “OXO” (or Noughts and Crosses). This single-player “game” was designed for academic purposes — Douglas used the electronic OXO on the famous Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator, or EDSAC, to study the “Interactions Between Human and Computer.” Like electronic Nim, electronic OXO was not designed to be entertaining.

Some argue that Tennis for Two or any one of the earlier predecessors to the modern video game cannot be titled the first “video” game because not one of them displayed a “video” signal. The term “video” implies that electronic signals are converted to images on a screen using a raster pattern, a series of horizontal lines composed of individual pixels. Although older oscilloscopes, televisions, and computer screens all used cathode-ray tubes, oscilloscopes visually display changes in electrical voltage; they do not use the raster process. While Higinbotham’s system did not create a video signal, he had created a unique way to alternate among the computer’s outputs with the transistor switching circuit, creating the image of a tennis court and allowing players to control a movable ball seen on a screen, just like a modern video game.

A recreation of the original Tennis For Two constructed for the 50th anniversary of the game's first appearance.

In retrospect, Higinbotham agreed he should have applied for a patent. But if he had, the patent would have belonged to the federal government, and no riches would have come his way, anyway. According to Higinbotham, the reason he did not apply was that at the time, the game did not seem to be any more novel than the bouncing ball circuit in the instruction book.

Higinbotham, who died in 1994, wished to be known for his work on radar displays and his efforts to slow the nuclear arms race. Little did he know in 1958 that Tennis for Two, the game he was creating for Brookhaven Lab’s open house to entertain visitors and convey the relevance of scientific endeavors for society would lead to Pong, Pac-Man, Mario, new video game systems and new video games, magazines, and Congressional debates. He might have guessed that it would lead to fun.

A re-creation of Willy Higinbotham's 'Tennis for Two' on display as part of the eGame Revolution exhibit at The Strong Museum® of Play in Rochester, New York. (Photo Courtesy of The Strong®)

The first computerized video games were produced in the 1950's (although production of these games began in the late 40's).

What Was the First Video Game?

The first video games were developed in the late 1940’s and early 1950’s, while the first video games with physics were invented in the late 1950’s.

The first computerized video games without physics include a version of tic-tac-toe called Bertie the Brain (1950) and Alan Turing’s Chess game Turochamp (1952), the first games with physics are the “Pong-like” Tennis for Two (1958), and MIT’s space-shooter Spacewar! (1959 – 1962).

Other notable mentions include a non-computerized electronic game from 1947, the physics demonstration from MIT Bouncing Ball (1950 – 1951), Christopher Strachey’s Checkers (1951), Ferranti International’s NIMROD computer which played the ancient math game NIM (1951), and Cambridge’s OXO (tic-tac-toe, 1952). See an excellent list of the early history of video games here.

Ten years later, the first arcade games like Computer Space,Galaxy Game, and Pong would be updated versions of these first efforts.^[1]

Given the above we can say:

• The first electronic video game was the Cathode-ray Tube Amusement Device (1947).
• The first computerized video game was Bertie the Brain (1950).
• The first foray into computer gaming physics, although not really a game, was Bouncing Ball (1950 – 1951).
• The first complex video game rule-set was Turochamp (1952).
• The first video game created for entertainment with physics was Tennis for Two (1958).
• The first video game, with physics, that resembles a modern video game was Spacewar! (1959 – 1962).

TIP: It’s very difficult to find “firsts” in video games. See our video game section for all our firsts including the first first-person-shooter, the first popular MMORPG, and much more.

NACA researchers using an IBM type 704 electronic data processing machine in 1957. Source: Wikipedia.org

A Quick History of Computerized Video Games – From the First Ping to the First Pong

The first computerized video game can be considered to be 1950’s Bertie the Brain (a version of tic-tac-toe), although it notably lacked any physics.^[4]

Bertie the Brain was predated conceptually by Alan Turing’s partially unrealized chess simulation Turochamp. Turing began work on Turochamp in 1947, but didn’t test it until 1952 due to its complexity.^[2]

Both games are notably followed in October 1958 by physicist William Higginbotham’s Table Tennis. Table Tennis is an early version of Pong, with physics (its inventor was a physicist), and is arguably the first proper precursor to modern video games created strictly “for entertainment”.^[6]

Despite early attempts at gaming, a full decade of work on games like Spacewar! (Starting in 1959), and an entire decade of technology advances over the 60’s, would be required before video games would be playable by the public in the arcades of the early 70’s.

• Check out the first Virtual Reality (VR) device the Sensorama. VR began in 1966; its history can give you an idea of how video game technology evolved in different directions.
• You can check out our page on the first arcade games here.

TIP: If you consider a video game to be computerized, then we have to look past the first electronic arcade game that used an analog computer and CRT screen build in 1947 (although we do cover it below).

Turing’s Theoretical Video Game – Turochamp

Alan Turing, the father of computer science and AI, can be said to have built the first computer game shortly before his death in 1954 at the age of 41. Turing and partner D. G. Champernowne worked on a version of Chess in the late 40’s. By 1952, they were ready to implement the game. The game was tested, and worked, but it was never released due to CPU constraints at the time.^[2]

If you can imagine, Turing built a complicated machine that worked in theory but was a little beyond it’s time technology-wise. Given the fact that the game didn’t make it to production first, it can’t be considered “the first video game”.

The Cathode-ray Tube Amusement Device – The First Interactive Electronic Game

“The cathode-ray tube amusement device” is the earliest known electronic game. It can technically be considered a “video game” by today’s standards, but only very loosely since it’s not computerized and instead uses as CRT (cathode ray tube) screen and analog electronics. Today we would most likely not consider the device a “proper video game”.^[3]

Bertie the Brain – The First Proper Video Game

Firsts are very hard to pin down in the history of computing and gaming, but generally, we can consider 1950’s Bertie the Brain (a version of tic-tac-toe) to be the first video game. A giant screen with tic-tac-toe as featured below would only loosely be considered a video game, but it (unlike CRT based cathode-ray game was computerized).

Bertie the Brain was built by Dr. Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition to showcase his “additron tube”, a miniature version of the vacuum tube (although the industry ended up favoring “the transistor” instead).^[4]

In the picture from LIFE magazine (featured for educational purposes and commentary only), you can see Danny Kaye (of the “Road to” movies) playing a tic-tac-toe match versus Bertie the Brain in 1950.

Life magazine photo of comedian Danny Kaye standing in front of Bertie the Brain at the Canadian National Exhibition in 1950. (source).

The Almost First Video Game – Bouncing Ball

A “video game” (if you call a simulation of a bouncing ball a game) that worked as a precursor of Pong (in that it had a ball that bounced) was almost the first video game due to when it was started development in the late 40’s, but it was ultimately released a year after Bertie the Brain.

In 1950, Charly Adama created the Bouncing Ball video game program for MIT’s new Whirlwind Computer, the first computer to display “real-time” video signals. The game had been worked on since the late 40’s but was demonstrated a year after Bertie the Brain in April of 1951.^[5]

TIP: Due to Bouncing Ball being programmed in the late 40’s it can, by some measures, be considered “the first video game”. However, as a “zero player game”, like Conway’s Game of Life, it is more a demonstration of basic computer physics than a “game”.

The First True Video Game – Tennis For Two

Tennis for Two was one of the first video games developed for entertainment (as opposed to pushing the boundaries of technology in the labs). It displays on a screen, uses a controller to control an on-screen object, uses physics, and was invented for entertainment purposes.

For the above reasons, some (including Brookhaven) consider Tennis for Two to be the first “true” video game, or at least, a good starting point for video game history discussions.

The Birth of Modern Video Game Physics

Video game physics start with the bizarre precursor to all games Bouncing Ball, but zero player simulations aside Tennis for Two represents the birth of video game physics.

The American physicist William Higginbotham designed Tennis for Two by in October of 1958. He came up with the idea for a Brookhaven National Laboratory Expo after learning that the Donner Model 30 analog computer could simulate trajectories with wind resistance.

Although MIT’s Bouncing Ball had basic physics, advanced physics allowed for what one could consider “the first true video game”.^[6]

FACT: Brookhaven considered Tennis for Two the first video game. I don’t refute the claim as much as adding an asterisk of appreciation for the decade of development that came before it.^[7]

Spacewar! and Beyond!

The next year MIT uses the same advances in video game physics to create Spacewar! (the game that the first arcade machines are based on).^[8]

Since Spacewar! is the first example of a modern video game, and is arguably the most important of all the games mentioned above, we will cover that on other pages.

To learn more about gaming from Spacewar! to Pong check out our article on the first arcade video games.

FACT: Spacewar! inspired Nolan Bushnell, who would go on to form Atari, to create the first arcade game. The first arcade game wasn’t Pong, it was a version of MIT’s Spacewar!

Video games didn’t become popular until the 70’s due to the restrictions of technology, but they were being built in labs in the late 1940’s and throughout the 1950’s.

1. “Early history of video games” Wikipedia.org
2. “Alan Turing” Wikipedia.org
3. “Cathode-ray tube amusement device” Wikipedia.org
4. “Bertie the Brain” Wikipedia.org
5. “The Birth of Video Games and Computer Games : The Late 1940’s and 1950’s” Bmigaming.com
6. “Tennis for Two” Wikipedia.org
7. “The First Video Game?” Bnl.gov
8. “Spacewar (video game)” Wikipedia.org

'The First Video Games Were From the 50’s' is tagged with: Alan Turing, Atari, Early Computers, Fathers or Mothers of a Field

1950's To 1960'sthe History Of Video Games Online